The great thinkers of Nature brought the light of knowledge in the world in order to over come the darkness of ignorance in men.  It is the men of Science like Galileo, Newton and others who have actually opened a new horizon for men's thought.  It was then discovered that every substance is made up of tiny particles called atoms.  Later it was proved that atoms could be further split up into smaller particles.  The scientific appliances were invented for reducing the burden of men.  These achievements certainly helped the growth of human civilisation possible in the world.  Then, Einstein revealed the secret of atomic power through his famous equation, E= mc^2.  The Scientific facts, helped man to understand the hidden truth of atoms, elements, planets and Universe.   

Though the constructive use of Science is contributing much to the progress of man in many fields, the destructive use of Science is threatening the stability of human life in the modern age.  The more developments took place the more draw backs accumulated.  Due to the differences in colour, creed and class, Wars broke out from time to time.  The scientific inventions made use of in the military equipments had done unprecedented havoc in the two World Wars.  Though peace  has  been restored, agreements have been signed,  and a world body called United Nations Organisation has been established, World is being made into a wide play ground for testing the strength of atrocities  among the war minded nations. 

UNO  

Law and order are there for the protection of human beings.  Everyone has the right to settle disputes in the Court of Justice in every country.  The UNO has the International Court of Justice, wherein the disputes between the nations are settled by the member countries in it.  The problem is that all the countries in the world are not having the same political principles.  The political ideologies differ from nation to nation according to the leaders, who are governing them.  Only the Democratic States have the freedom to express what they think about any issue.  Hence the champions of democracy, who are responsible for the establishment of UNO have a high place in the hearts  of all the peace loving men in the world.   

In 1954, Dr. Kissinger wrote his views on the Balance of Power in his doctorate dissertation, A WORLD RESTORED:  Castlereagh, Metternich and the Problems of peace, 1812-1822, “Could a power achieve all of its wishes,” he wrote them, “it would strive for absolute security, a world order free from the consciousness of foreign danger and where all problems have the manageability of domestic issues.  But since absolute security for one power means absolute insecurity for all others, it is never obtainable as part of a 'legitimate' settlement and  can be achieved only through conquest.”  Hence the only rational policy  in this matter is “relative security”, that is, “the foundation of a stable order is the relative security - and therefore the relative insecurity of its members.” Therefore it has become a fact  that  without the existence of the UNO on the corner of the globe, no nation could even get a pause to breathe!. 
 

International Relations  

The security of a nation depends upon the international relations it maintains.   That is the point where the world picture begins.   The foreign policies of different nations, generally, contain the terms such as territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference, cooperation and co-existence.  After the mutual acceptance of agreements upon these terms through delegations, the ties between  the nations start towards the political, economic, social and cultural developments on the basis of friendship.  In the due course of time, the ulterior motives of the States come to the surface.   At the climax scene, either mutual settlement could strengthen their friendship further or a cold war would start changing the friendly ties into a subtle strangulation between the concerned States.   

It would be then, interesting for the world to witness a bizarre scenario in the world politics.   And in that circumstance a sort of uneasiness would evidently prevail everywhere.  This is due to the fact as per the view of Dr. G.P. Gough in his Foreword to Steinberg's HISTORICAL TABLES that “Peoples are connected with one another by a net work of contacts and obligations, visible and invisible.  The older the world grows, the greater the debt of each to all and of all to each.  Every one of us is a citizen of the world; each nation is a branch of the human race.  Geographical, racial and linguistic barriers blur but cannot destroy the fundamental unity of mankind.”  

Political Ideologies  

Penetrating deep through the surface of the international issues, it would be clearly ascertained that domination and control of the world by a single political system would be the prime cause behind any sort of military defence pact treaties.  Till the time of writing this article, the opposing political creeds are the “Capitalism” and “Communism”.  Both these orthodoxies preach that either of the two only can bring unity, prosperity and order in the world.  But the question is whether such a creed is totally feasible or not in their own respective nations is still a mercurial issue.  Besides this, the two super powers, out of anxiety and  tension, have been unfailingly augmenting nuclear weapons as and when  scientific inventions  useful for destructive purposes between them has not yet reached a saturation point. 

History  

History abounds with acres of episodes.  It is a well known fact now that history of every nation lacks authenticity.  The political achievements always go to the credit of the nation concerned only and the failures are always due to the outsiders only! The scientific, technological and economic aspects of developments or down fall have been out of focus in general.  In view of this defect cultural and literary aspect of every nation have to be studied deeply, then only the true picture of the history of a nation can be obtained and what next has to be done can be ascertained.  Thanks to the world news media and magazines peoples are now able to know early the incidences of the world.  It happens that news from certain nations never  reach the news papers  at all too.  Paradoxically, majority of the people won't be minding the disastrous conflicts, which would be going on without an end in some highly sensitive places in the world. 

Cold War   

The actual fact behind the tug of war between the Capitalist America and the Communist Russia that has narrowed the scope of the human life as prevailing at present is a state of antagonism, mutual suspicion and rivalry that a single power may take up the leadership of the world over the governance of politics, army, economy, society and culture with the aid of Science and Technology.  In his DISCOVERY OF INDIA Nehru wrote: “,,, All the evils of a purely  political  democracy are evident in U.S.A.;  the evils of the lack of political democracy  in the U.S.S.R.  And yet they have much in common - a dynamic out look and vast resources,... a faith in Science  and its applications, and wide spread  education and opportunities for the people.  In America in spite of vast differences in income, there are no fixed   classes,  and there is a sense of equality.  In Russia the out standing event of the last twenty years has been the tremendous educational and cultural achievements of the masses.” Because of their vast strength and development, the rift between the two Super Powers has resulted in “Cold War”. 

Alignment Treaties  

This strange sort of war has started soon after the Second World War.  Within three years after this war, Poland. Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany and Czechoslovakia were inextricably concerned by the influence of the Communist Russia.  In this way the threat of communism became acute in the Mediterranean region.  It  was  mainly to out-wit  the ambitious  plans of Russia  that the then  President  of the U.S.A., Truman , forged the “Truman Doctrine” in 1947 to  render military help to Greece and Turkey to resist the communist aggression.   In the same year, Marshall, the then Secretary of State forged the 'Marshall Plan to aid 16 Countries of Europe with money and machinery to recover from the war damages and to meet the communist threat by edifying the economy of Europe.   

In 1948, USA formed the OAS-Organisation of American States with 21 Latin American Countries for settling  the disputes among themselves in a peaceful manner,  extending economic and social assistances   to these countries and making common cause in the event of aggression.  The increasing tension created by the “Berlin Blockade” posed by the USSR and the  threats against Greece and Turkey led to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 1949 by the USA and 11 other countries.  The practical application of this military alliance was actually put to test in 1950.  In that year America with the support of the UNO intervened in the Korean War in defence of South Korea against the attack of North Korea backed by Russia.   

In order to maintain security in the Pacific, America, joined hands with Australia and New Zealand and formed the ANZUS in 1951.  In 1954 the collapse of the French forces in Indo-China gave impetus to USA to have alliance with 7 Countries and due to this, the South East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) came into existence.  This was designed to check the communist infiltration and to promote economic cooperation, technical assistance and joint action in the event of aggression among the countries of the region.  Russia, on the other hand, formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955 along with its 7 satellite States.  The rest of the world outside these treaties and pacts has slowly styled itself as Non-aligned countries. 

Oil Crisis/Economic Power   

So long the Military might alone was considered to heighten the power of a nation.  But there is another vital factor that rises above all the other powers, which is called Economic power.  The outcome of the Middle East War was the oil crisis.  The oil taps were closed by the Arabs for the countries that were in support of the moves of US in the Middle East.  For other countries of the world oil was supplied at an enormously increased price per barrel.  The King of Saudi Arabia made use of this oil powers as his trump  card and put the whole world under an unprecedented spell and from which many countries took many months together to recover.  The whole world was held up by the tight grip of inflation.   

Many so called developed nations were at the verge of tumbling down due  to this grand check made by this King to the Super Powers.  USSR called for the cease-fire.  The negotiations were worked out in every nation to make the smooth running of the world activities possible by arresting the spiralling price rise to a considerable measure without much confidence.  The Scientifically developed nations started finding out some other alternative to safe-guard themselves from oil crisis. Again Science would be the only thing that could help every nation to invent new techniques to keep the pace of economic development of each nation proceed unhampered. 

Political Ambition 

The international peace depends upon mutual respect, recognition of different political principles and co-existence.  For many years America was in isolation.  It developed itself in the field of Agriculture, Industry, Science and Technology between the years of isolation- 1814 and 1914.  Because World War broke out in Europe, America came forward to end it.  It did not make use of war for furthering its political ambition in other parts of the world.  But contrary to this, Russia, under the guise of one common cause, has been implementing its own designs which have brought a sort of fear, anxiety and insecurity to the world   

There are shocking evidences in history about the strange infiltration of Communism in the World.  In the course of 1918, by the treaty of Brest-Litousk, Lenin surrendered Armenia, Ukraine and all the Baltic States to Germany, because he was, at that time, immersed in his revolution, whose programme-bread for all , an immediate peace, land for the peasants and the dictatorship  of the  proletariat -which received  the widest support from the people.  After the First World War the new States so formed were Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland and Poland.  Under the Russo-German Fact of 1939, Poland was partitioned between Germany and Russia.  The latter went a step further and occupied Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, once for all.  The   Second World War ended dictatorships in Germany, Italy and Japan, but not totalitarianism in Russia. 

Interference - Communist Infiltration  

The Manchu dynasty had been ruling over China since 1644.  Losing all hope of reform, the Chinese people overthrew the monarchy in 1912.  The author of this revolution was Dr. Sun Yat Sen.  He was the first man to instill into the heads of the Chinese people the ideas of Nationalism and Democracy.  When China was proclaimed a Republic, Dr. Sun was chosen as famous general of the Manchus who was succeeded by Chiang Kai Shek.  Sun Yat Sen had concluded an alliance with Russia in 1924 with a view to consolidate the Republic.  The Russians, no doubt, helped Sun Yat Sen and Chiang Kai Shek to build a modern army: but at the same time they spread the ideas of Communism in China.   

By 1927 the Chinese were divided into two main parties- the Nationalists and the Communists.  Though Chiang Kai Shek modernised China, the poor peasants still starved and died in  the time of flood or famine. Such conditions greatly strengthened the hands of the Communist Party, which organised itself on military lines.  The Chinese Red Army soon conquered large parts of central China.  It established a Soviet type of government.   BY 1934 the Communists were ruling over one sixth of China.  Chiang's Nationalist Government, Called the Kuomintang, began to fight a prolonged Civil was against the Communists under the leadership of Mao Tse Tung.    After the Japanese War, the Communists threw out Chiang Kai Shek from the mainland of China.   Chiang took refuge in the island of Formosa and established the Kuomintang government there with himself as President. Mao became the ruler of the whole of China which became Communist.  That is how Russia has exported Communism to China. 

Co-existence 

India got independence in 1947 and declared itself as the Sovereign Democratic Republic.  In 1949 China was declared as people's Republic.  Nationalist China of Formosa island was enjoying a place in UNO instead of the Communist China of Mainland with all its huge size and population.  India took much effort to get representation for communist China in the UNO.  The concept of “Panchsheel” or the Five Principles of Co-existence - “Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, Non-aggression, Non -interference in each other's internal affairs, Equality and mutual Co-operation, and peaceful Co-existence” is one of the greatest contributions made by India in the International field and was jointly signed by Chou En Lai of China and Nehru of India in 1955.  Ignoring this, China not only nakedly invaded Tibet in 1959, but also without any responsibility to honour the concept of Co-existence, occupied 31,000 Sq.Km. of Indian Territory (North) in Ladakh and 5, 180 Sq.Km. in central North India and 90,000 Sq.Km. .in the North East Frontier of this Country without any shame or sense.  

India then only realised that the policy of non-alignment without proper defence would be an insecure thing to it.  Afterwards, it began to increase its defence potential. It was as a result of this that India was able to repulse the two attacks of Pakistan -one in 1965 and the other one in 1971.  After the conflict of 1965, USSR came forward and successfully   solved the dispute between them.  On the eve of the war in 1971, India signed a 20 year friendship treaty with Russia.  Thanks to the manoeuvres of the USSR, in the Indo-Pakistan War in 1971, it prevented the USA by making the Asian sub-continent another Vietnam.  Thousands of refugees poured into India from East Pakistan at that time.  India lent all its support to the legitimate demands of the people of East Pakistan.   East Pakistan which is now called as Bangladesh became independent thanks to the succour extended to it by India. In the same year Communist China also got a seat in the UNO with the initiation of USA and because of this, the long due of India's effort got fulfilled. 

After the deaths of Mao Tse Tung and Chou En Lai the attitude of the Chinese Government under went a great change.  It wanted to have better relationships with other nations of the world.  The attitude of China towards India underwent change step by step after China witnessed the progress and developments of India in all the fields.  India broke the ice in order to settle the border dispute with China.  From 1980 onwards more than eight rounds of talk on revival of friendship between   the two countries haven taken place.  It seems once the border dispute is amicably settled the friendship between them would be firmly established.  No nation seems to follow the policy of Co-existence.  The blatant Russian invasion of Afghanistan and the  American invasion of Grenada were some of the instances that can be quoted to show that how far the policy of coexistence is honoured in this age. 

The Question of Small States 

Another set of note worthy tiny nations like Cuba, Uganda and South Africa showed their heroism for some time and their activities were serving a sort of Comic pieces in various Newspapers, and New Magazines.   Cuba was reported to have exported their own brand of Communism to Congo by sending their troops and showing their valour there.  Uganda was playing the part of imperial England towards the Britishers and white peoples such as diplomats, journalists and professors who happened to go there or lived there.  After doing all sorts of jingoistic atrocities, one Ugandan President ran to the forest in exile.  In South Africa, the World's last phase of decolonisation went on like an ever stretching string.   

In this regard the names of the small States like Namibia etc. were heard for sometime and then, it stopped!.  The silence and suspense are still there in that Dark Continent.  But like a bolt from the blue the Blacks too are advertising themselves to the World that they are also the free citizens of the World.  In this way the trend in Africa is trying to see the pace of life somehow or other in the direction in which  it is supposed to proceed.  But then there were many States under the process of decolonisation apart from Africa.  The occupation of Argentina under the yoke of the British colonialism was a sparkling instance to quote in that regard!. 

The Issue Of Statelessness 

Hitler, the great dictator in the 1920s or so suppressed the Jewish race very much in Germany.  Mass exodus of this community took place and most of them settled in Palestine.  Then, there was a problem between Palestinians and Jews regarding the question of making Palestine a Jewish State on the basis of population.  The Arabs were determined that Palestine should not become a Jewish State.  So, in 1948 War broke out between them.  Afterwards a new State called Israel has come with the Jews occupying it and the Palestinians became Stateless people!.   

There is an endless war going on from then between Israel and the neighbouring Muslims Countries.  Recently in Sri Lanka there was ethnic violence.  Like the Jews, the Tamilians were attacked ruthlessly by the Singhalese with the support of the Army.  The Tamils who flew away from that island are Stateless.  Australia accepted to take some refugees!  As the Tamils were originally from India, India was ready to solve this problem in a friendly manner with Sri Lanka.  The Stateless citizens are the most pitiable ones in the world in this age! 

Nuclear Age 

The two Atomic Bombs dropped in Japan by the USA at the end of the Second World War opened a new era called the Nuclear Age.  After this fantastic historical achievement each and every nation that was capable of developing its own nuclear weapons started carrying out tests under the ground and under the sea.  Now, perhaps in the sky too!  The reasons, these nations declare  to the world for such practices are 1. Peaceful purposes only and 2. Defensive purposes.  Whatever be their explanations about it, devil is devil though nuclear power is developed in any shape or size or form.   

Nuclear Business 

“The flourishing Nuclear Big Business”, an article in an Indian Newspaper on Sept.  1977 added a few more eye-catching facts such as the following : “The nuclear powers to-day are China, Britain, France, the United States, the Soviet Union , and to a lesser extent India and Israel.  The near nuclear powers include Canada, Czechoslovakia, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden and Pakistan.  Other nations producing or intending to produce, plutonium are Argentina, Australia, Belgium , Brazil, East Germany, Egypt, Finland, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Rumania, Spain , Syria, Switzerland, South Africa and Yugoslavia.   

The curious thing about France and West Germany is that while they are seeking in part to gain political preferment and hegemony of sorts, this essential purpose in encouraging proliferation is to off set the costs of their own nuclear programmes.  A  French plan to supply a nuclear reprocessing plant to South Korea was abandoned after American intervention.  Early this month, the U.S. and Britain managed to persuade South Africa not to explode a nuclear device in the Kalahari desert.  The West Germans are under pressure not to get too involved with the nuclear business in Brazil.  But for them it is a deal worth some Rs.4000/- crores.  The Pakistanis now talk of making a killing in the nuclear export business and they have a ready market in the Arab World.” 

Neutron Bomb, SDI  

During the President Ford's period , the USA manufactured a new weapon called the Neutron  Bomb, which is capable of killing living beings, with out destroying the lifeless materials! It is a new achievement , no doubt but it is a harmful weapon in a lesser degree than the usual devastating  ones.  This showed that limited nuclear war could be expected in the future, as the Big Brothers showed the tendency of reducing their war habits by using neutron bombs in preference to other bombs in the 1970s.  But in the 1980s the ballistic missiles have become an important weapon and a most important issue for discussion in the world. 

  Many nations have started including missiles type of weapons programme in their Defence preparations.  When this is going on so the USA got the  idea of using Communication Satellites  for military purposes, that is,  using satellites to counter attack missiles  offences.  This new type of advancement in the armament race was described by the President of the USA, Mr. Reagan as Satellite Defence Initiative (SDI) which is being famously quoted as Star Wars Programme.  So, War in the space can become an innovation in the War between nations in the future! 

Missiles War, Laser Weapons War 

After the two World Wars the world could not forget the impact made by the Vietnam War.  It seems, some 6.3 million tons of bombs were dropped in Indo-China from 1965 to 1971.  Of these, 3.9 million tons which is equivalent to twice the quantity of bombs dropped by the US planes in all theatres of War between 1941 and 1945.  Perhaps the next war between Russia and America through their respective allied countries in Europe could be a Missiles war.  In the 1980s the headlines in the news paper are about the deployment of missiles in Europe either by the USA or by the USSR or by both.  This preparation is going on  the  land.  In the space, perhaps War using Laser weapons may take place as such type of equipments are also invented and tested too!  When the position of the World is so, how the detente between the War minded nations could be started and detente established between them? 

Refugee Problem 

Every country has its own complexities like the economic crisis, unemployment problem, population explosion, poverty and so on.  Some have all these problems and more; some have solved some of them and some are about to achieve self-sufficiency in all respects.  But whether they are developed or developing to provide the refugees with the fundamental necessities and rehabilitate them is a real task at the expense of their own complexities.  Perhaps the economy of such a country may get affected in this sort of venture.   

In this place it is quite justifiable to take the issue of Indo-Pakistan conflict of 1971.  This particular conflict brought refugee problem to India.  At that time, the economy of India was at the foot of the ladder.  The task of safe guarding the refugees placed heavy burden on the head of each and every citizen of this country in one way or other.  Somehow the crisis was made known to the world and cooperation was sought for.  The parochial nature of many countries, at that time, brought untold miseries to India.  But India did what it can because of its moral up bringing.  Only after many months, its noble cause in this conflict was slowly understood by other countries.  Afterwards much political turmoil took place.  Now, India is striding towards fulfilling   its own Socio-economic programmes in the manner that could be possible.   

Exodus of Refugees 

So, refugee problem is also not a new thing to this world.  But the refugee problem after the Vietnam War was the most formidable one in the world.  “Some 301,000 Indo-Chinese refugees have fanned out across the globe” said Christian Science Monitor at that time.  Then according to the office of the U.N. High commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR), more than two thirds of that great exodus has found permanent homes in 22 countries.  To quote a few, the nations that were accommodating those  refugees were the following: Canada-6, 857, United States- 145,000, Norway-164, United Kingdom-434, Netherlands -140, Belgium-880, France-51, 337, Switzerland-1, 137, Denmark-300, West Germany-390, Austria-217, Italy-214, Laos-585, Thailand -81,770, Malaysia-1400, Singapore -122, Philippines-119, Hong Kong -154, South Korea-348, Japan-1,110, Australia -2,706 and New Zealand-249. 

Refugee Offers By Anti-Communist Countries  

From this, it is clear that the nations that were in a position to offer homes to those abandoned people were against Communist policies.   The refugees were also not interested in the Communist countries.  Some of the Communist countries were also members in the UNO! But they were not extending their hands to alleviate the miseries done to those helpless peoples.  The anti-communist countries were really friendly to those needy people.  But the Communist countries were friends only in treaties, which means that their duty is simply to spread the ideals of communism and nothing else.  When this is so, how could competitive spirit be replaced by cooperative spirit so as to bring about real peace and happiness to the world?  And when the bare necessities have to be provided and safe-guarded too, how could Culture and civilisation thrive in this world? 

Refugees in India and Pakistan  

Then after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Afghan refugees entered Pakistan for respite.  Because of Pakistan's trouble to India, India encountered the problem of refugees and solved it somehow.  Pakistan is still coping with the Afghan refugees without knowing how to survive with its poor economy.  The pity is that it has to maintain its friendship with America in order to overcome the possible future invasion by Russia! If the friendship between Pakistan and India is firmly established both the countries can go ahead smoothly minding their development activities.  India which has experience in tackling the refugee problem is again facing such  a situation as 2, 00,000 Sri Lankan Tamils have come to India as refugees due to the ethnic crisis  resulting into violent  genocides in Sri Lanka.  India is trying its level best to solve the ethnic problem in Sri Lanka.  

International Peace 

The present World is divided into many groups.  Some countries are considered to be developed, some are developing and others are under-developed as far as industry, agriculture and Science & Technology are concerned.  The under-developed countries are not at all  posing as a threat to the peace of the world.  The developing countries are struggling to achieve a self -sufficient economy.  These developing countries require assistance or cooperation or support from the friendly developed countries. Though the developed countries are well off in all respects are not able to pluck away the maladies of mankind.  But for one or two of the developed countries, the rest  of them without understanding the problems of the developing and under-developed countries are diligently  sticking to their  own meaningless, rigid and obsolete dogmas, which are the actual dangers constantly threatening the peace of mankind.  

Time and again such developed countries have experienced that their dogmas are having no effect upon those developing countries they are trying to convert for their own advantages; even after this, they have not come to the conclusion that no two countries are similar as far as culture, language, geographical positions and climatic conditions are concerned.  Hence the dogmatic principles (Protectionist attitude of Trade policies) and the rigid foreign policies of the developed countries could have a change only when they clearly understand the problems of other countries.  Therefore it is a fact that developed countries are in need of re-education, under developed countries require fresh education and developing countries require untainted cooperation from the both. 

Equality  

The view on equality varies from individual to individual.  But everyone agrees that all are equal before Law.  Therefore for education and employment equal opportunities are needed for everyone if the society has to be developed uniformly so that it can function harmoniously in the world.  The same thing holds good for the nations too.  People came to recognise China and India also as World Powers after the band wagon of America, Russia, Britain and France.  Just like America and Russia among the developed countries China and India are prominent among the developing countries.  In fact  the population of China and India  are comparatively large with respect to other countries' population in the world.  Naturally the vital stress upon these two countries of Asia is economic development, employment opportunities and social development.   

Only when all the countries get developed, equality among nations is possible.  Bertrand Russell has said that cooperation is more important than competition.  The Super Powers have to help the developing countries to attain their standards in all fields.  When these countries come up to a common standard, for convenience sake we may say as International Standard, equal treatment among nations could really be possible in the world.  That is the best way to achieve equality among nations.   

Non-alignment 

In the 1980s the Non-aligned movement had grown to a great extent.  The non-alignment was first started by India, Yugoslavia and Egypt.  The purpose of this movement was to keep away from the two Super Powers- USA and USSR.  India, Yugoslavia and Egypt decided not to align themselves with either of these two power blocs.  In the event of any world crisis, it would be decided then what course those non-aligned nations had to follow by consulting among themselves in a meeting.  The aim of  this movement  seemed  to establish equality among nations of the  world  on the basis  of friendship  and mutual cooperation without encouraging  interference  in the internal  affairs  of any other country and aggression, and encouraging the sovereign integrity  of every nation  however strong  or weak  without any reservation.   

More than 100 countries had become non-aligned countries.  Most of them were developing countries.  Those countries were in support of the  moves of the UNO on important issues. They had urged the developed countries to help the developing countries in the up liftment of their economies.  Their concern was with the global economic development among the developing and the under-developed countries with the cooperation of the developed countries. 

Next 

Many changes took place in the 1980s and 1990s.  Now 21^st century has begun.  Yet, the dream of creating one world is not fulfilled.  Speculations about where the world has gone, where it is going and where it will go cannot be stopped.  But some steps have to be created to fulfil that dream.  What could be those steps should be thought about and discussed for further development in that direction, which is worth trying by all lovers of one world. 

Free Society 

A free society with the moral principles is the crust and cream of humanity.  In such a society, the governing principles of human life are liberty, justice, friendship and love.  The countries that could develop such a society in the world can be such as India, France, Britain and Canada.  In such a nation the perfection of human beings is the aim of culture.  Through cultural activities the friendship between nations can be developed and strengthened.   

Friendship is quite invaluable in the relationship of mankind, because man distinguishes himself from beasts or machines as a result of this relationship, which is also a form of love.  “The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge, “says Russell in one book.  It is a practical fact, which could not be ignored by anyone.  Every human being aspires to lead a life in this manner.  Through education, the knowledge of both art and science could be gained by everyone (without the neglect of either of the two).  Then there will be a possibility for mankind to have a happy and peaceful life in the world. 

What UNO Can Do  

Friendship, Peace, Culture and Education  

Due to the friendship between nations the benefits to the people are many.  For a healthy human life education, friendship and culture are essential and very important.  It is clear to note that for a good life, people are in need of good education, friends, love, good health, sufficient income, congenial society and favourable Govt.  How can these needs be fulfilled? We have the United Nations Organisation, through which these needs could be fulfilled.  It is the joint venture of all the nations on the basis of friendship.   The UNO now mainly concerned with solving the enmity between nations, avoiding wars and aggressions.  It has to intensify cultural programmes to bring yet closer the nations who are members in it.  The aim of the UNO is the international peace.  By diverting the attention of the nations towards culture, the thought of war, hatred, fear and competition can be thwarted.   

In the name of friendship, all the nations should be involved in responsible creative activities with the view to solve totally the problems like poverty, disease and ignorance.  It should arrange educational  programmes for all the  people of the world  to have knowledge in  Science, Geography, Arts and Religion because education is the only best means by which  friendship, love, health, income and other benefits can be achieved for mankind.  This education should give training to all the citizens in agriculture and industries should develop the particular talents of the individuals and utilise them in the creative direction.  If the UNO is able to render these services to mankind, the world will surely become a cultured and civilised one.  The more the education by this World Organisation improves the mind of more number of peoples the more the world culture will develop upon friendship and make the world a better place to live than now. 

Communication, Transportation And Creation of Jobs to solve All problems 

It is indeed a Herculean job for the UNO to set right the set backs.  The developed countries and the non-developed countries have to be compromised.  The communications among nations have to be enlarged.  The barriers have to be shattered and the transport from one corner to another corner of the world has to be made open to all.  The job opportunities have to be created in this direction for all irrespective of the nationality through out the world.  Then food, shelter and clothing could be provided to all and illiteracy, poverty and disease could be eliminated in the world.  And then, no doubt, peace, prosperity and love could prevail over everywhere in the World paving the way for the establishment of One Human World!    

 

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